2026-05-27T17:36:16Z https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/oai

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/15 2025-10-17T06:53:54Z mjre:CVR

Cover, Editorial Board, and Table of Content Table of Content, Cover, Editorial Board, and Scriptura Indonesia 2020-07-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/15 10.06027/mahabbah.v1i1.15 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 1, No 2 (2020): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.1, No.1/2 (July 2020); 1-86 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/15/29 Copyright (c) 2020 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion, Education, Culture, and Linguistic https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/48 2022-11-30T07:24:08Z mjre:ART

COUNTERING THE NEXT PANDEMIC AFTER COVID-19: An Effort of Christian Education to Stop Phubbing Ariawan, Sandy Christian Education Phubbing; Christian Education; The Next Pandemic; Fatherlessness This research aims to see the magnitude of the influence of Christian education in the family on the potential of phubbing in students. The use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) by households in Indonesia shows rapid development, followed by student delinquency rates that continue to increase. This is a quantitative research, using a measuring instrument in the form of a questionnaire, that was conducted on 300 respondents. The result showed that coeficient correlation between potency of Phubbing and Fatherlessness in Junior High School: 0,78; Senior High School: 0,72; and College: 0,76. Christian education in the family has a positive influence on the potential of phubbing in students. There are values that can be given special emphasis, which are able to overcome the pandemic after Covid-19, which is called phubbing. Thus, it is highly recommended for each family to implement: sticking to the standards of God, opening heart to be taught, and fearing the Lord. Scriptura Indonesia 2022-08-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Quantitative Research application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/48 10.47135/mahabbah.v3i2.48 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 3, No 2 (2022): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.3, No.2 (July 2022); 87-99 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/48/pdf Copyright (c) 2022 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/102 2025-08-15T10:15:19Z mjre:ART

Betlehem in a Prophecy: Theological Analysis of Bethlehem in Micah 5:1-6 Dwiraharjo, Susanto Bethlehem ephephates; Prophecy; Christology; Christ in the OT Biblical Theology Bethlehem is currently the subject of significant discussion and has frequently sparked debate. As a result, tensions have arisen among Christians, which often affects social relationships within the community of believers. This article aims to provide a biblical overview of the truth about Bethlehem to help reduce these tensions. To uncover this truth, we will employ exegesis, which involves thoroughly analysing the biblical text to reconcile differing interpretations and uncover the intended meaning. Through this analysis, we can deduce the significance of Bethlehem for us today and help the church to understand its importance in the context of Christ's redemptive work. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Hermeneutica/Exegesis application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/102 10.47135/mahabbah.v6i1.102 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 6, No 1 (2025): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.6, No.1 (January 2025); 70-86 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/102/pdf Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/123 2025-09-15T18:05:32Z mjre:ART

Positive and Negative Impact of Gadget Use in Teenagers' Lives Manik, Novida Dwici Yuanri Sutrisno, Sutrisno Adolescents; Children; Gadget; Teenagers Technological development is something that cannot be avoided in this modern era. This is because all human needs can be obtained by using this technology. Humans must be able to develop as technology continues to advance every day. However, behind the benefits of technology that can facilitate the fulfillment of human needs, this technology can also hinder human progress. It depends on how humans use and utilize this technology. Today's teenagers are also very dependent on gadgets, both for social needs, education and daily needs. This article aims to see how the positive and negative impacts of gadget use are in the lives of teenagers, so that readers can also know how to maximize the use of gadgets for positive things. Scriptura Indonesia 2024-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/123 10.47135/mahabbah.v5i2.123 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 5, No 2 (2024): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.5, No.2 (July 2024); 134-142 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/123/pdf Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/2 2022-06-05T20:27:36Z mjre:ART

MISSIONARIES AND COLONIALISM: The Nineteenth Century British and Contemporary Korean Missionaries in Zambia Koo, Hyunwoo Colonialism, British Missionaries, Korea, Nationalism, Zambian Christianity There are about ten Korean missionaries in Zambia, which is Christianized since experiencing colonial era under Western Christians. This situation brings a question regarding to their uniqueness compare to the nineteenth-century-British missionaries: how are these Korean missionaries distinct from Western evangelists and what has shaped this difference? To answer the question, this article compares several groups of missionaries by consulting historical records, established literature, and interviews produced by author. Especially, voices from the Korean missionaries in Zambia reveal the distinctiveness of themselves as the people who share the experience of living under colonial rule, and suggest their role within Zambian Christianity and society. Scriptura Indonesia 2020-07-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/2 10.47135/mahabbah.v1i2.2 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 1, No 2 (2020): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.1, No.1/2 (July 2020); 1-19 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/2/14 Copyright (c) 2020 Hyunwoo Koo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/41 2022-06-11T01:53:54Z mjre:ART

"THE MASKING GOD": Engaging Roger Haight and Wilfred Cantwell Smith in Search of the Living God in the Ongoing Deadly Covid-19 Pandemic Sipayung, Parulihan Theology; Philosophy; Phenomenology of Religion masking god; covid-19; theological phenomenology; naïve religiosity; roger haight; wilfred cantwell smith; interpretation Theology This study phenomenologically aims to reconsider the understandings and practices of religions in ongoing deadly Covid-19 pandemics. Religions and their naivety have become the pandemic within pandemic. Religions pretend to behave like God and the followers obey them uncritically and sometimes irrationally. This study argues that religions should become a window that through it the followers can experience the liberating presence of God who is characteristically pro-life and love. I argue whatever concept of truth religions have, life, and love must be the character of true faith in a true God. This study limitedly investigates global religious phenomena during the covid-19 pandemic all over the world and endeavors to give a theological appraisal based on the theology of Roger Haight and Wilfred Cantwell Smith. In conclusion, I argue, God is indeed present in human life but not transparently. God reveals God-self with a theo-philosophical mask. Thus, God is a masking God.  Therefore, to understand God we should debunk the naïve understanding of religion and go beyond the religious phenomena to the absolute mysterious reality of God–The ‘Wholy Mysterious Other’. Scriptura Indonesia Global Institute of Theology, Yonsei University 2022-03-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Qualitative Research application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/41 10.47135/mahabbah.v3i1.41 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 3, No 1 (2022): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.3, No.1 (January 2022); 1-18 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/41/pdf Copyright (c) 2022 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/101 2025-09-15T04:33:46Z mjre:ART

Natural Theology and a Priori Knowledge of God: A Lutheran Perspective on Gifford, Swinburne, and McGrath Pandiangan, Tumpal Sugiri, Widjaja Natural; Natural theology; Aposteriori; Apriori; Rationality As the father of the Protestant Church reformer, Luther has made limitations on natural theology. He has criticized natural theology, even at first he rejected natural theology. However, today we see that natural theology has been constructed by several Protestant Christian theologians, among others: Gifford, Swinburne and Alister MacGrath. The problem is whether natural theology is in accordance with the doctrine or teachings of the Protestant Christian Church? The author's purpose is to find out whether the teachings of natural theology are in accordance with the doctrine of the Protestant Church and how they are applied in the life of the congregation? The research method was carried out with a literature study with the following stages: (i) First, observing and analyzing Luther's criticism of natural theology. (ii) Second, observing the limits of natural theology constructed by Gifford, Swinburne and Alister. (iii) Third, the author analyzes each of their definitions of natural theology. This analysis and evaluation is based on Luther's critique of natural theology. For Gifford's natural theology, knowledge of God is limited to a priori knowledge only, because knowledge is obtained from nature and the human mind not from God's revelation, whereas for Swimburne and McGrath, knowledge from nature stems from faith in Christ Jesus so that a priori knowledge of God can be known. For Swimburne, rational knowledge of nature can support faith in God, while McGrath does not require rationality in believing in God. In this case it is different from Luther, because according to him, the emergence of absolute faith is only by special revelation from God and nothing else, nor as a companion, so as not to become an idol. Scriptura Indonesia 2024-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/101 10.47135/mahabbah.v5i1.101 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 5, No 1 (2024): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.5, No.1 (January 2024); 1-15 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/101/pdf Copyright (c) 2024 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/124 2025-09-15T04:33:46Z mjre:ART

Religious Leaders as Peacebuilders: Assessing the Role of Christian and Muslim Clergy in Conflict Prevention in Southwest Nigeria. Oyebanji, Israel Temitope Oyunwola, Taiwo Olayinka Phlsolosphy of Religion; Ethics; Sociology of Religion Conflict; Dialogue; Initiatives; Religious Socio-Religious Despite numerous Christian-Muslim dialogue initiatives in Southwest Nigeria, religious conflicts persist, leading to loss of lives, property destruction, and displacement of people. This is the aim of the study, which examined the effectiveness of Christian-Muslim dialogue in promoting peace-building in Southwest Nigeria. The study uses a qualitative approach, involving a review of relevant literature on the impact of interfaith dialogue initiatives on building trust, resolving conflicts, and fostering peaceful coexistence among Christians and Muslims in Nigeria. The study's findings indicated that Christian-Muslim dialogue has significantly contributed to reducing tensions and improving relationships between the two religious groups. Initiatives to promote dialogue have made it easier to comprehend, empathise with, and work together, which has decreased violence and enhanced conflict resolution techniques. However, challenges persist, including prejudices, political manipulation, and limited institutional support. The present study highlighted the need for sustained and inclusive dialogue efforts, involving religious leaders, policymakers, and grassroots communities, to consolidate gains and promote sustainable peace in Nigeria. The study's findings have implications for peace-building initiatives in other conflict-affected countries like Nigeria, with religious diversity. Scriptura Indonesia 2024-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article The study uses a qualitative approach, involving a review of relevant literature application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/124 10.47135/mahabbah.v5i1.124 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 5, No 1 (2024): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.5, No.1 (January 2024); 16-31 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/124/pdf Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/28 2022-05-13T06:48:11Z mjre:ART

OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AND FORGIVENESS OF CHRISTIAN YOUTH IN NORTH SUMATERA Heng, Pamela Hendra Nelwan, Desiree Gracia Lathiifah, Septi Psychology, Education psychological well-being, forgiveness, adolescents, young adults The entire world is being attacked by a pandemic outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or what we know as COVID-19. The Indonesian government policy of limiting the crowd of people when socializing affects various activities of young people at church, including in North Sumatera. This causes the psychological well-being (PWB) of the youth to be disturbed. Research shows Christian youths carry out activities such as wasting time on social media and online games that may lead to gambling (Jap et al., 2013) while neglecting their education, which is contrary to Christian teachings. Constantly pressured for neglecting responsibility and doing sins may affect PWB in youth, and forgiveness from God, their family and themselves may help increase PWB. Pre and post-test of PWB and forgiveness are administered. The instrument used is the PWB questionnaire based on Ryff's (1995) theory and TRIM-18 based on McCullough and Hoyt (2002). The subjects are adolescents and young adults aged 11-40 years in North Sumatera. Results show that both variables are high. There were differences based on participants’ educational background and whether or not the participants read the bible everyday in the PWB post-test data. As for the forgiveness, results show that there were differences based on educational background and occupation in the pre-test data, while in the post-test data, there is a difference based on how many times an individual reads the bible in a day. Scriptura Indonesia 2021-07-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article non-experimental quantitaive application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/28 10.47135/mahabbah.v2i2.28 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 2, No 2 (2021): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.2, No.2 (July 2021); 93-111 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/28/pdf Copyright (c) 2021 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/78 2024-06-07T09:37:36Z mjre:ART

IMPACT OF ERASMUS, MARTIN LUTHER, AND MICHELANGELO AS CULTURAL CHANGE AGENTS DURING THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD Hopping, Joshua S. Tanasyah, Yusak cultural change, erasmus, martin luther, michelangelo, renaissance period This study discusses three cultural change agents: Erasmus, Martin Luther, and Michelangelo. Each of these figures played a significant role in shaping the cultural landscape of their time, and their influence can still be felt today. Erasmus was a Dutch Renaissance humanist who promoted a return to classical learning and scholarship. His writings, which were critical of the established church, helped pave the way for the Protestant Reformation. Erasmus also advocated for the use of the vernacular in religious texts, making them more accessible to ordinary people. Martin Luther was a German theologian and monk who is best known for his role in the Protestant Reformation. Luther's ideas challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and led to the establishment of new Protestant denominations. Luther's translation of the Bible into German helped make religious texts more accessible to a wider audience. Michelangelo was an Italian Renaissance artist who made significant contributions to the fields of painting, sculpture, and architecture. His works, including the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and the sculpture of David, are considered masterpieces of Western art. Michelangelo's works helped redefine the possibilities of art and inspired future generations of artists. Together, Erasmus, Martin Luther, and Michelangelo represent a diverse set of cultural change agents who helped shape the course of Western culture. Their ideas and works continue to influence and inspire people today, reminding us of the enduring power of art, scholarship, and faith. Scriptura Indonesia 2023-06-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Literature Review application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/78 10.47135/mahabbah.v4i1.78 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 4, No 1 (2023): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.4, No.1 (January 2023); 19-32 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/78/pdf Copyright (c) 2023 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/134 2025-10-23T02:36:14Z mjre:ART

CONTEXTUAL THEOLOGY IMPLEMENTATION: BIBLICAL INTEGRATION WITH URBAN CHALLENGES IN INDONESIAN CITIES Marlin, Marlin Yando, Markus Sihombing, Derma Watty education and theology Biblical Integration, Community Engagement, Contextual Theology, Indonesian Christianity, Urban Challenges, This qualitative research examines contextual theology implementation effectiveness in Bekasi and North Jakarta through comprehensive analysis of perspectives from pastors, theological educators, and church workers. The study employs semi-structured interviews with ten key stakeholders to assess current biblical integration approaches, identify gaps between theological knowledge and urban engagement, and develop evidence-based enhancement frameworks. Findings reveal strong biblical foundations alongside critical opportunities in community engagement programming, environmental stewardship, and interfaith collaboration. The research demonstrates substantial correlation between systematic contextual theology development and enhanced community relevance, social transformation impact, and Christian witness effectiveness. Community engagement programming emerges as the highest-impact improvement opportunity, while environmental stewardship initiatives and collaborative partnerships represent critical enhancement priorities. Results indicate exceptional readiness for coordinated development initiatives that leverage existing theological capacity while addressing contemporary urban challenges. The study contributes valuable insights regarding contextual theology implementation in Southeast Asian urban contexts while providing transferable frameworks for biblical integration with social challenges in diverse environments. Recommendations emphasize systematic community engagement establishment, interfaith partnership development, and institutional collaboration that enhances both theological relevance and practical community transformation effectiveness. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-09-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/134 10.47135/mahabbah.v4i2.134 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 4, No 2 (2023): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.4, No.2 (July 2023); 145-177 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/134/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/134/pdf_1 Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/146 2026-01-30T07:23:10Z mjre:ART

Christ's Love as The Foundation for Christian Religious Education for Children with Special Needs Based on Colossians 3:12 Wungo, Jefrianus Mulyani, Sri Manggi, Nelci Oktavianti Christ's love, Christian Religious Education, Children with Special Needs, Colossians 3:12 Every human being is created uniquely with strengths and limitations that demonstrate God's greatness. However, children with special needs (ABK) often face discrimination and a lack of adequate educational opportunities. In this context, Christian Religious Education (PAK) plays a crucial role in instilling the value of Christ's love as the foundation for character and spiritual development in children. This study uses a qualitative approach through literature review to explore the application of Christ's love in inclusive education. Based on Colossians 3:12, which form the foundation of Christian educators' ministry: compassion, kindness, humility, gentleness, and patience. These values encourage teachers to create a friendly, accepting, and respectful learning environment. Teachers also act as facilitators, motivators, mediators, and advocates of inclusivity in supporting the development of children with special needs. SIR, which is based on Christ's love, affirms that every child is precious before God and has the same right to develop according to His given potential. Thus, the application of Christ's love in education is a concrete manifestation of faith that works through love and forms the basis for the creation of a just, inclusive, and compassionate learning environment. Scriptura Indonesia 2026-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/146 10.47135/mahabbah.v7i1.146 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 7, No 1 (2026): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.7, No.1 (January 2026); 51-63 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/146/pdf Copyright (c) 2026 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/21 2022-01-04T08:46:14Z mjre:ART

AN EXAMINING OF JEPHTHAH’S VOW ACCORDING NARRATIVE RESEARCH Adiatma, Daniel Lindung Sutrisno, Sutrisno narrative, judges, literary, victory, vows The book of Judges is great historiography of the Old Testament. This book is composed of many rhetorical devices in the form of narrative. Scholar, pastor, professor etc pay attention to elaborate theological issue of this book. Some of academic journal elaborate about ethical issue about Jephthah’s vow. Common interpretation used topical approach to examine ethical issue. The main problem to interpret Jephthah vow is that many interpreters did not used narrative approach, so that they have lost the writer emphasis.  This article aims to examine Jephthah’s vow according narrative approaches. Some of interpretation book of the Old Testament, especially commentary on Judges 11:29-40 forget narrative approach as literary that writer used. Literary approach of the Judges 11:29-40 presents the properly approach to produce properly theological interpretation. This article elaborating each plot of Judges 11:29-40 to find the motive of narrator. The interpretation is according the structure of narrative text produce the precise and clear interpretation. The writer striving to consistent with an interpretation rule in examine each part of the passage. Therefore, this article is an academic writing that gives rich insights. Scriptura Indonesia 2021-02-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/21 10.47135/mahabbah.v2i1.21 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 2, No 1 (2021): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education , Vol.2, No.1 (January 2021); 1-15 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/21/pdf Copyright (c) 2021 Daniel Lindung Adiatma, Sutrisno https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/39 2022-11-30T07:24:08Z mjre:ART

COLONIAL LEGACIES IN INDONESIA'S URBANIZATION AND URBAN HOUSING: Past, Present, and Future Choi, Eun Young Since the 1980s, Indonesia has experienced rapid urbanization, and it has become one of the countries with the exponential growth of urban population. Densified urban population is worsening environmental issues such as particulate air pollution, water pollution, and waste disposal. Environmental injustice of poverty and the extreme polarization of rich and poor are increasing in Indonesia’s urban societies. Ecological crisis due to climate change in the Anthropocene is closely associated with the nature and culture binary that disconnects human-world relationships. As Indonesia had been colonized by the Dutch for 350 years and occupied by Imperial Japan during World War II, the built environment has become the embodiment of colonial legacies that bequeaths the dichotomy of nature and culture through urban spaces and housings. By engaging with my lived experiences in Jakarta – the capital of Indonesia – and the historical references of Indonesia’s development of the built environment and urban housing, I will discuss the nature and culture binary as the colonial legacies in Indonesia’s built environment. I argue that the formation of colonial whiteness grounded on the nature and culture binary has evolved to transmit and preserve colonial legacies by a new medium of industrial capitalism. The emergence of gate communities, luxury housings and skyscrapers, and the maintenance of room layouts from the colonial period are the specific features of the corporeal manifestations of everlasting colonialism in Indonesia’s built environment. In response to Indonesia’s urbanization in the Anthropocene, I suggest Timothy J. Gorringe’s theology of grace to call for the need for a contextualized theology of grace for Indonesia that could transform and reimagine the built environment in light of the immanence and transcendence of God. Scriptura Indonesia 2022-09-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/39 10.47135/mahabbah.v3i2.39 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 3, No 2 (2022): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.3, No.2 (July 2022); 101-117 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/39/pdf Copyright (c) 2022 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/42 2025-09-07T05:10:08Z mjre:ART

Confronting Gender Violence through Hokmah Education: A Dialogue with Arendt’s Banality of Evil and Proverbs 1 Park, Hye Kyung Hannah Arendt; The Banality of Evil; Good and Evil; Hokmah; Proverbs 1; Mencius; Xunzi This research project aims to analyze Proverbs 1 through the lens of Hannah Arendt’s theory of the banality of evil, as articulated in her report on the trial of Adolf Eichmann, in order to contribute to the prevention of gender-based violence. Arendt’s account of the trial emphasized Eichmann’s failure to exercise three essential virtues in his official duties: thinking, judging, and acting. Similarly, this study argues that contemporary gender discrimination and violence often arise from a desire that perpetrators seek to gratify incrementally and insidiously. In incidents of gender - based violence, the perpetrators’ intentions and actions --- characterized by moral negligence and a lack of reflection --- can be examined through the framework of the banality of evil. This paper also engages with two ancient Chinese philosophers, Mencius and Xunzi, to explore understandings of moral action in human life and to compare their perspectives with Arendt’s. Mencius held that “human nature is good,” whereas Xunzi proposed the “theory of natural evilness.” However, these classical views on human nature fall short in analyzing the moral dimensions of gender - based violence, particularly as such violence is closely tied to the gratification of sexual desire. As Arendt demonstrates through Eichmann’s case, evil often manifests not as monstrous intent but as thoughtlessness. In a similar way, sexual offenses occur in the absence of reflective thought by perpetrators, whose senseless actions bring suffering to their victims. Although their desires ought to be restrained, it is their failure to think and judge ethically that enables such gendered violence to occur. This research proposes hokmah (wisdom) education, as described in Proverbs 1 within Christian wisdom literature, as a foundation for promoting gender awareness in higher education. Hokmah education offers a paradigm shift in gender studies by highlighting the suppression of violent or destructive desires from a feminist perspective. This study also emphasizes the dialogue between Arendt’s political philosophy and biblical texts, employing interdisciplinary methods. Through processes of thinking, judging, and acting grounded in religious reflection, human beings are guided to wisely submit to the divine --- who consistently upholds justice as a means of preventing gender-based violence. Arendt’s theory of the banality of evil will be explored throughout the research process. This study will apply her concept to contemporary violence against women and examine its relevance in the context of hokmah education. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/42 10.47135/mahabbah.v6i2.42 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 6, No 2 (2025): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.6, No.2 (July 2025); 140-157 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/42/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/42/pdf_2 Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/127 2025-09-15T18:05:32Z mjre:ART

Perceptions of Artificial Insemination Among Members of the Christ Apostolic Church, Oke-Ife DCC Headquarters, Ibadan: A Religio-Ethical Analysis Oyebanji, Israel Temitope Phlsolosphy of Religion; Ethics; Sociology of Religion Artificial insemination; Reproductive technology; Bioethics; Faith and infertility Religio-Ethical This study investigates the perceptions of artificial insemination (AI) among members of the Christ Apostolic Church (CAC), Oke-Ife District Coordinating Council (DCC) Headquarters in Ibadan, Nigeria. Utilising a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews from 475 respondents. The findings reveal a nuanced and often divided perception toward AI, with 58.94% of respondents affirming that AI is not inherently sinful, and 69.32% recognising it as a medical breakthrough. However, 52.91% associate AI with a lack of faith in divine intervention, indicating a deep theological tension between medical science and spiritual reliance. The research identifies biblical interpretation, doctrinal teachings, gender roles, and cultural expectations as key determinants of perception. Ethical concerns such as marital fidelity, procreation, spiritual integrity, donor anonymity, and lineage identity are central to the discourse. The study further explores alternative solutions to infertility, including adoption, fostering, and spiritual child-naming, which are increasingly being considered within the Christian community. It concludes that while medical advancements are acknowledged, theological convictions significantly shape the acceptance or rejection of AI. The research recommends enhanced theological education on bioethical issues, development of pastoral counselling frameworks, and inclusive dialogue within Christian communities to address infertility with both compassion and doctrinal clarity. This work contributes to the intersection of theology, ethics, and reproductive technologies in African Christian contexts. Scriptura Indonesia 2024-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Mixed method application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/127 10.47135/mahabbah.v5i2.127 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 5, No 2 (2024): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.5, No.2 (July 2024); 143-155 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/127/pdf Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/5 2022-03-11T23:35:04Z mjre:ART

DIVINE PERSONS IN GENESIS: The Theological Implications Barrick, William D. Genesis, Plurality, Persons, Divine Beginning with its third word, the book of Genesis reveals that God (םיִהלֹ)ֱא exists and that He created the heavens and the earth. The seventeenth word from the end of the book is also “God” (םיִהלֹ)ֱא—in Joseph’s declaration that God will provide for the descendants of his father Israel. Few exegetes would argue today that the plural form of םיִהלֹ ֱא even implies a plurality of divine persons—and rightly so. However, evidence exists within the text of the first book of Moses that might indicate a distinction of persons in the Godhead. For example, both Genesis 1:2 and 6:3 seem to refer to the Spirit of God. Other statements in the text of Genesis appear to mention more than one divine person named Yahweh (19:24). Some references involve a person identified as the “angel/messenger of Yahweh” (e.g., 22:11). Was this individual the same as one of the “three men” who appeared to Abraham (18:2) and before whom Abraham stood (18:22)? Is he a person of the Godhead? In addition to these more direct and perhaps less abstract references to a divine person, Genesis includes several first person plural statements (“us” and “our”) spoken by a divine person (1:26; 3:22; 11:7). Are these references best explained as multiple divine persons, some sort of plural of majesty, or some council of spirit beings other than divine? What is the exegetical evidence? What are the implications theologically regarding either a plurality of divine persons or even a limitation to three such divine persons? Furthermore, how do these implications affect the way we understand ancient human conceptions of God, His person, His attributes, and His work from Adam to Joseph? Scriptura Indonesia 2020-07-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/5 10.47135/mahabbah.v1i1.5 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 1, No 2 (2020): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.1, No.1/2 (July 2020); 21-41 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/5/13 Copyright (c) 2020 William D. Barrick https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/30 2022-04-02T11:46:34Z mjre:ART

FINDING A LIVING GOD: Learn from Stanley J. Samartha Panjaitan, Firman contextual; god; stanley j. samartha; syncretism. The religious concept of God has essentially "killed" the real existence of God. The understanding of God has been narrowed through religious dogmas so that God no longer lives universally but is limited to religious dogmas that try to live it in its own religious way. Departing from this problem, this article aims to discuss efforts to find God who lives in the existence of human life. By using literature studies, especially examining Samartha's views on the power of syncretism to build an attitude of pluralism, the findings are that syncretism is a means to animate universal values in religion. Syncretism is the power to foster synergy between culture and religion, so as to form a grounded contextual understanding of the rules of the good life. Likewise with God. Through contextualization based on syncretism, God who has been killed by religious dogmas is brought back to life, so that it can greet life in accordance with the context in which God lives. God is seen universally and at the same time becomes a solid foundation for every religion in the world. Scriptura Indonesia 2022-03-11 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/30 10.47135/mahabbah.v3i1.30 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 3, No 1 (2022): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.3, No.1 (January 2022); 19-34 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/30/pdf Copyright (c) 2022 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/105 2025-08-15T06:22:24Z mjre:ART

An Exploration of God’s Love in John Calvin’s Theology: Does God Love Everyone or Only the Elect? Timotius, Timotius Sistematic Theology Love of God; Christian Theology; John Calvin; Predestination. Sistematic Theology The love of God is a central topic in Christian theology. However, views on the love of God are not always consistent in Christian theology. One well-known theologian who is considered inconsistent in his theology of God’s love is John Calvin. Calvin believed that God chose some people to be saved, which raises questions about whether Calvin truly believed in God’s universal love, since there are those who are not chosen. T.H.L. Parker argued that although Calvin spoke a lot about God’s love, his views often contained inconsistencies in his theology, leading to questions about whether Calvin truly believed in God’s universal love. On the other hand, Richard A. Muller stated that the concept of God’s love in Calvin’s theology is very consistent and not ambiguous. According to him, Calvin viewed God’s love as a love that is not dependent on humans and not limited to those who receive it. God’s love in Calvin’s view is a praiseworthy and noble love because it encompasses all of humanity, both the elect and the non-elect. This article is written to explain the misunderstanding about John Calvin being inconsistent in his theology of God’s love. To answer the above issue, the author will use the literature method. The author will examine all of Calvin’s writings to explain that Calvin is very consistent in his theology of God’s love, so those who consider the theology of God’s love to be inconsistent can clearly see that what is accused of Calvin is not true. Scriptura Indonesia timotius 2025-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Qualitative application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/105 10.47135/mahabbah.v6i1.105 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 6, No 1 (2025): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.6, No.1 (January 2025); 1-14 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/105/pdf Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/130 2025-09-15T04:33:46Z mjre:ART

A Christian Ethical Dilemma: Is the Death Penalty for Drug Dealers a Solution? Beis, Eka Herodian Parapat, Christopher Dephelin Sarumaha, Nikodemus Mahendra, Sheza Chris Theology, Christian Ethic Christian ethics; Death penalty; Drug trafficking; Restorative justice; Indonesia. This study examines the Christian ethical dilemma surrounding the application of the death penalty for drug dealers in Indonesia. Although Law No. 35/2009 stipulates capital punishment for major narcotics crimes, drug abuse rates remain high, raising questions about its effectiveness. From a Christian ethical perspective, the issue is contentious—while the Old Testament supports retributive justice for grave offenses, the New Testament emphasizes love, forgiveness, and opportunities for repentance. Using a qualitative descriptive approach with normative-theological and legal frameworks, this research analyzes theological arguments, legal provisions, and moral implications of capital punishment in drug-related crimes. Findings reveal that while proponents view the death penalty as a deterrent and a means of protecting society, opponents argue it contradicts Christian values of grace and rehabilitation, risks irreversible injustice, and fails to address root causes. The study concludes that a rehabilitative and restorative justice approach, aligned with Christian principles of love and justice, offers a more holistic and humane alternative for addressing drug trafficking in Indonesia. Scriptura Indonesia 2024-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Qualitative application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/130 10.47135/mahabbah.v5i1.130 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 5, No 1 (2024): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.5, No.1 (January 2024); 32-50 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/130/pdf Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/29 2025-10-17T06:53:54Z mjre:ART

DOCETISM IN THE GOSPEL OF THOMAS LOGION 28 IN OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI Noya, Ludwig Beethoven Jones docetism; gnosticism; gospel; humanity; jesus; phantasm The Gospel of Thomas is one among the numerous controversial documents in the Christianity. On the one hand, its oppositions argue that it is a Gnostic gospel. While on the other hand, its supporters claim that it belongs to the New Testament, because it contains the lost sayings of Jesus. The similarity between John 1:14 and Logion 28 is used as one of the basis by the supporters to contend the text’s authority. This article asserts that John 1:14 cannot be equated with Logion 28, for the Logion contains a Docetic concept. Hence, it corroborates the view that the Gospel of Thomas is a Gnostic literature. Scriptura Indonesia 2021-07-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/29 10.47135/mahabbah.v2i2.29 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 2, No 2 (2021): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.2, No.2 (July 2021); 113-129 2723-147X 2746-2366 en Copyright (c) 2021 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/71 2024-06-07T09:37:36Z mjre:ART

APPLICATION OF DIGITAL MEDIA IN CHRISTIAN RELIGION EDUCATION LEARNING IN THE NEW NORMAL ERA POST PANDEMI COVID-19 Hermawan, Yoan Jessica Sutrisno, Sutrisno Neolaka, Amos Putrawan, Bobby Kurnia digital media; christian religious education; new normal; post covid-19 pandemic After going through the Covid-19 Pandemic, the learning of Christian Religion Education at Citra Blessing Citra Indah Junior High School experienced a decrease in students' interest in learning. This happens because the teacher conveys learning material almost the same as a pastor who preaches in church. Interaction between teachers and students rarely occurs because teachers give more lectures or explain material at length which in the end makes students feel bored and even rarely do assignments given by teachers at school. Therefore, the authors wish to conduct research in schools using digital media learning to increase students' interest in learning at school. Classroom action research with a qualitative approach is the research method used in this study. This research was conducted in the city of Jonggol, Bogor district with the research subjects being Grade VII students at Citra Blessing Middle School, Citra Indah. The results of this study are that the Christian Religion learning system in this school can bring about a change in mindset about digital media that God uses to preach the Kingdom of God in this world and teachers want to be open to continuing to upgrade themselves and optimizing the Christian Religion learning system in class. Thus this makes it easier for Christian Religious Education teachers to deliver learning material, minimize the application of paper and be creative in using digital learning media in the form of Ebooks, questions and student answer sheets in the form of Test Forms, quizzes and games as well as a variety of interesting learning applications such as Flip HTML, Canva, Pixton, Quizizz, Kahoot, Edpuzzle, Word Wall, Deck Toys, etc. which can be applied after the Covid-19 pandemic. Scriptura Indonesia 2024-05-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/71 10.47135/mahabbah.v4i1.71 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 4, No 1 (2023): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.4, No.1 (January 2023); 33-53 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/71/pdf Copyright (c) 2024 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/125 2025-10-23T02:36:14Z mjre:ART

Flooding as a Natural and Moral Evil: A Philosophical and Ethical Analysis of the Ogunpa Floods in Ibadan, Nigeria Oyebanji, Israel Temitope Phlsolosphy of Religion; Ethics; Sociology of Religion Flooding, Moral Evil, Environmental Ethics, Free Will, Urban Resilience Religio-Philosophical This study investigates the Ogunpa floods in Ibadan as a manifestation of both natural hazard and moral failure, situated within environmental ethics and philosophical discourse. Flooding, though natural in origin, is increasingly intensified by human actions such as deforestation, poor waste management, and urban planning violations, rendering it a subject of ethical scrutiny. While existing research focuses on hydrological and engineering perspectives, a critical gap remains in integrating philosophical frameworks, particularly free will, determinism, and moral responsibility into flood analysis. This research asks: To what extent are recurrent floods in Ibadan a result of human moral failure rather than mere natural occurrence? Employing qualitative analysis, the study draws on philosophical reasoning, environmental ethics, and case study methodology, engaging with Urban Resilience Theory to evaluate systemic vulnerabilities. The key finding is that the Ogunpa floods are not purely natural disasters but are significantly exacerbated by avoidable human decisions, thus constituting a form of moral evil. The paper concludes that sustainable flood mitigation requires not only infrastructural interventions but ethical accountability and proactive governance. Recommendations include institutionalising disaster risk management, enforcing planning laws, and public education on environmental stewardship. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-09-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article qualitative analysis application/pdf application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/125 10.47135/mahabbah.v4i2.125 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 4, No 2 (2023): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.4, No.2 (July 2023); 85-99 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/125/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/125/pdf_1 Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/148 2026-01-30T07:24:20Z mjre:ART

Christ's Integrity as a Bridge for Value Gaps: a Dialogue Between Paul David Tripp's Theology and 1 Peter 2:21–23 Onggy, Yoelianna Herawaty Lesmana, Dennis Antakirana, Antakirana theology Integrity of Christ; Value Gap; Christian Leadership; Paul David Tripp; 1 Peter 2:21–23 The crisis of integrity in Christian leadership often manifests itself in the gap between confessed faith and the values that functionally govern life and leadership practices. Paul David Tripp calls this phenomenon the value gap, which is the gap between confessional values and functional values that causes the gospel to no longer function as the operational center of life. This study aims to integrate Tripp's theological diagnosis with grammatical-historical exegesis of 1 Peter 2:21–23 in order to formulate the integrity of Christ as the theological foundation that bridges this value gap. Using a qualitative approach with biblical-analytical theological methods through conceptual analysis of Tripp's thought, exegesis of the text of 1 Peter 2:21 23, and theological-constructive synthesis. The results of the study show that the integrity of Christ is constructed as a whole structure of life in the context of suffering, which includes a normative lifestyle, relational honesty without manipulation, and sustained theological surrender to God. This research contributes to the theological discourse of Christian leadership by presenting the integrity of Christ as a theological bridge that restores the gospel as the center of life and leadership, so that the gap between the faith recognized and the practice of living can be bridged structurally, not just normatively. Scriptura Indonesia 2026-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/148 10.47135/mahabbah.v7i1.148 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 7, No 1 (2026): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.7, No.1 (January 2026); 64-80 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/148/pdf Copyright (c) 2026 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/20 2022-01-04T08:46:14Z mjre:ART

THE SINGLE AND PLURAL PHRASES IN MATTHEW 4:16 AND THEIR MEANINGS Putra, Adi New Testament; Biblical Research; Biblical Theology Matthew; Galilee; Jesus' Mission New Testament Exegesis Matthew 4:16 finds both singular and plural phrases. This phrase is very interesting to study because the context of this verse is in Galilee, a place where Jesus spent most of his time serving. Through qualitative research with an exegetical study approach, the researcher found that the results and conclusions were that the purpose of singular and plural phrases in these verses was: a singular phrase for Jews and a plural phrase for other nations. Thus, it can provide the theological understanding that Jesus' mission in Galilee was not only for the Jews who were there, but also for other nations who had long settled there even before the time of Jesus. Scriptura Indonesia 2021-02-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Biblical Approach application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/20 10.47135/mahabbah.v2i1.20 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 2, No 1 (2021): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education , Vol.2, No.1 (January 2021); 17-33 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/20/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/downloadSuppFile/20/1 Copyright (c) 2021 Adi Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/51 2022-11-30T07:24:08Z mjre:ART

HAVE WE MISCONSTRUED CHRIST’S PRIESTLY AND KINGLY WORK? A Discussion on Analytic and Exegetical Christology Oswan, Devina Benlin three-fold office; atonement; propitiation; wrath;covenant Within the framework of traditional Christology, the most common interpretation of Christ’s three-fold office is that Christ’s work as our High Priest culminated on the cross as He suffered divine wrath and judgment, while His kingly rule began at His resurrection and ascension. However, with respect to the priestly role, David Moffitt challenges this common understanding and argues that, based on a careful reading of the Epistle to the Hebrews, Christ’s atoning sacrifice ultimately took place during His ascension. Complementing Moffitt’s account, I argue that Christ’s kingly work climaxed in His death on the cross. Using the tools of analytic method, I shall analyze 2 Chronicles 33:1-20 and offer an interpretation to support my argument. If Moffitt’s and my account is Scripturally tenable, it is safe to conclude that traditional Christology has mistakenly reversed Christ’s priestly and kingly role. Scriptura Indonesia 2022-08-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/51 10.47135/mahabbah.v3i2.51 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 3, No 2 (2022): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.3, No.2 (July 2022); 119-139 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/51/pdf Copyright (c) 2022 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/64 2025-09-07T05:10:08Z mjre:ART

Biblical Critical Literacy for High School Students: Exploring the Character of King David Simanjuntak, Marudut Bernadtua Sutrisno, Sutrisno Hutabarat, Christiani Religious study; Literacy; Literature; Biblical study Biblical literacy; Critical literacy; High school students; King David Rreligious study; Literacy; Literature; Biblical study This research investigates the transformative role of biblical, theological, Christian religion, and teenage education, focusing on high school students' engagement with the character of King David. Through qualitative descriptive methods, insights were gathered from participants in Christian schools and youth groups, highlighting the impact of biblical literacy on adolescents' spiritual development and moral reasoning. Findings underscored the significance of integrating biblical narratives and theological teachings in educational frameworks to cultivate a deep understanding of Christian values and virtues. The study advocates for holistic approaches that foster ethical leadership and personal growth among teenagers, emphasising the role of parental involvement and community support in nurturing adolescents' faith journeys. Scriptura Indonesia State University of Jakarta (UNJ) - Indonesia 2025-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Qualitative application/pdf application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/64 10.47135/mahabbah.v6i2.64 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 6, No 2 (2025): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.6, No.2 (July 2025); 87-99 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/64/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/64/pdf_2 Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/128 2025-09-17T07:19:08Z mjre:ART

Tracing the Footsteps of Women in the Early Church: Their Role and Disengagement in Church History Mautuka, Maria Sonya Aruan, Tiopan Women in the early church; Church historiography; Contextual hermeneutics; Female leadership; Inclusive community; History of Christianity. Women played a crucial role in the development of the early church, yet their tangible contributions have often been ignored or hidden within the official narratives of church history. This article seeks to trace the roles of female congregants such as Phoebe, Priscilla, Lydia, and others who served as house church leaders, ministers, and missionary partners in early Christian communities. Through a historical-critical approach, engagement with primary and secondary literature, and contextual hermeneutical analysis, this study exposes the patriarchal bias embedded in church historiography and offers a theological correction. It is hoped that this research will provide a theological reflection for the contemporary church to be more inclusive of women’s leadership, so that the legacy of early Christian women can inspire today’s church to build a more just and equitable community. Scriptura Indonesia 2024-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/128 10.47135/mahabbah.v5i2.128 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 5, No 2 (2024): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.5, No.2 (July 2024); 156-171 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/128/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/downloadSuppFile/128/13 Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/7 2022-03-11T23:35:04Z mjre:ART

MISSION STUDIES IN NUSANTARA: A Testimony of Local Philosophy Approach on Bali Island Prihantoro, Yogi Nugroho, Jatmiko Wahyu Philosophy, Theology, Culture, Mission, Pluralism Archipelagic communities in Indonesia, today are pluralistic societies, and almost all citizens embrace religion because according to the first value of Pancasila, the Indonesian people are people who recognize the existence of God. In the community, there are intersections even the adoption of philosophy and theology simultaneously, which is manifested in daily worship practices. The philosophy that lives in the land of Nusantara (archipelago) is certainly part of eastern philosophy, and both western and eastern philosophies, there are have same philosophical view about humans and God. This research is qualitative, using case studies, in the form of steps (1) determining the symptoms being examined, (2) finding unit of analysis, (3) determining research questions, (4) gathering information or data, (5) linking criteria to interpret the findings obtained, (6) determine criteria for interpreting findings, (7) link findings. The findings of the study, that as part of a diverse Nusantara society, the community of believers needs an approach to carry out a mission in pluralism. Understanding of local philosophy in the context of theology and philosophy meeting issues. Likewise the fellowship of believers on the island of Bali, an island that has long been known for its culture of society, local wisdom and natural beauty. People in Bali, who are not Christians, when they receive an understandable understanding, are ready to receive salvation and live as disciples of God. Scriptura Indonesia 2020-07-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article case study research application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/7 10.47135/mahabbah.v1i1.7 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 1, No 2 (2020): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.1, No.1/2 (July 2020); 43-54 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/7/26 Copyright (c) 2020 Yogi Prihantoro; Jatmiko Wahyu Nugroho https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/38 2022-04-02T11:46:34Z mjre:ART

A TABLE FOR ALL: Eucharist as Model for Radical Welcome and Community Watts, Shea Theology; Cultural Studies uucharist, theology, community, hospitality, inclusion This article considers the Eucharist as a framework for communal life. Rather than a place of privilege or exclusion, the table creates an inclusive vision for how the world should be. It is a ritual of imagination and transformation, reaching beyond the symbolic table into a material world of need. Drawing on the work of Clàudio Carvalhaes, as well as the Eucharistic instructions of Jesus and practices of the early church, I explore the political and communal contours of participating in the holy meal. In this way, Eucharist provides nourishment and sustenance for the work of justice in the world. Scriptura Indonesia 2022-03-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/38 10.47135/mahabbah.v3i1.38 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 3, No 1 (2022): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.3, No.1 (January 2022); 35-42 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/38/pdf Copyright (c) 2022 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/110 2025-08-15T06:34:32Z mjre:ART

Effectiveness of Formative Evaluation in Improving Students Understanding and Character Wungo, Jefrianus Oktavianti, Nelci Mulyani, Sri Effectiveness; Formative evaluation; Student understanding; Student character This article examines the effectiveness of formative evaluation in improving understanding and human development. Formative evaluation conducted during learning is a feedback to help students improve their weaknesses before the final evaluation. This evaluation not only assesses learning outcomes, but also identifies difficulties faced by students, allowing teachers to change teaching methods to support individual student needs. Formative evaluation also helps improve students' critical thinking skills, engagement and understanding of the subject matter. In addition, this review plays an important role in building student character, including increasing motivation, self-confidence and responsibility for the learning process. Thus, formative evaluation becomes a useful tool in building an inclusive learning environment and focusing on student growth. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/110 10.47135/mahabbah.v6i1.110 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 6, No 1 (2025): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.6, No.1 (January 2025); 15-27 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/110/pdf Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/132 2025-09-15T04:33:46Z mjre:ART

Enhancing Christian Theological Education Effectiveness in Urban Indonesian Contexts Onibala, Ronald Stevly Rindu, Kiem education and theology Christian education; Theological pedagogy; Qualitative research Urban ministry preparation; Indonesian context This qualitative research investigates Christian education effectiveness in Bekasi City through a comprehensive analysis of perspectives from priests, pastors, theological educators, and church workers. The study employs semi-structured interviews with ten key stakeholders to examine current pedagogical approaches, identify gaps between theological preparation and practical ministry demands, and develop evidence-based enhancement recommendations. Findings reveal substantial institutional capacity for adaptation with significant opportunities for systematic improvement through community partnership development, professional development program establishment, and pedagogical innovation expansion. The research demonstrates that effective Christian education enhancement requires strategic attention to collaborative frameworks rather than fundamental institutional transformation. Community engagement emerges as the highest-impact improvement opportunity, while technology integration and leadership development represent critical enhancement priorities. The study contributes valuable insights regarding contextually appropriate theological education in Southeast Asian urban environments while providing transferable frameworks for Christian educational institution development in diverse cultural contexts. Results indicate optimistic potential for systematic educational enhancement through coordinated development initiatives that build upon existing institutional strengths while addressing identified capacity gaps. The research provides evidence-based guidance for theological education improvement that maintains theological integrity while enhancing practical ministry preparation effectiveness. Scriptura Indonesia 2024-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/132 10.47135/mahabbah.v5i1.132 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 5, No 1 (2024): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.5, No.1 (January 2024); 51-81 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/132/pdf Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/32 2022-05-13T06:48:11Z mjre:ART

THE ART OF ACHIEVING WHOLENESS: Adult-Learning in Presence and Listening Intercultural Encounter in Healthcare and Counselling before and during Covid-19 Elsdörfer, Ulrike western psychology, cultural psychology healthcare in pandemics, churches, counselling, therapy, post-colonial settings Counselling in healthcare is a method-based encounter between two persons. This is at least the definition according to psychology. One person, the client, has the chance to express mental, social and physical problems. The other person, the counsellor or therapist, makes use of her or his knowledge, intuition and responsiveness, in order to explore and heal. Spiritual counselling follows the same procedure. The counsellor is a trained religious person, aspects of spirituality give a distinct notion to the process. Group therapies relate to the needs of people in indigenous worlds, and non-western thinking as well as post-colonial analysis assists to make visible deep social shifts between different societies in a globalized world. Presence and listening are the two dominant qualities of a therapist, a counsellor or a spiritual advisor in this context. What happens, if exactly these qualities are rejected by needs of healthcare? How are the impacts of a globalized pandemic like COVID-19 on this concept of therapy, counselling and encounter in spiritual dimensions? What will lead to a form of community and social life? How does mental health prevention look like in times of challenges?  Scriptura Indonesia 2021-07-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/32 10.47135/mahabbah.v2i2.32 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 2, No 2 (2021): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.2, No.2 (July 2021); 131-141 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/32/pdf Copyright (c) 2021 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/55 2024-11-11T10:03:09Z mjre:ART

NUSANTARA CHRISTIANITY: The Synthesis Contextual Theology and Culture in Indonesia Tandana, Ester Agustini Tanasyah, Yusak Theology Nusantara Christianity; Contextual Theology; Culture; Indonesia Contextual Like other sorts of knowledge, thought, and behavior, Christian theology is influenced by the context in which it is employed. Contextual theology shows how thoroughly contextual Christian theology is. The significance of context has never been entirely disregarded in the development of contextual theology. The emphasis on context, however, has been most prominent at times when the Christian message appeared to be the least related to the circumstances in which it was being spoken. Indonesia as the largest archipelagic country in the world with hundreds of tribes and languages has made Indonesia an interesting place to study in developing contextual theology. Based on the various languages and ethnicities that have various kinds of differences, Indonesia is unique in building a down-to-earth theology in the archipelago. This article aims to find out how contextual theology becomes a liaison in bridging between the Word and the context to be able to provide understanding for both parties to God's truth based on synthesis contextual theology and culture in Indonesia. The research method used is qualitative literature research which is the process of studying books, references, and research results to get a better understanding of a problem or issue. This information is then used to build a theoretical foundation for future research. Scriptura Indonesia 2024-05-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article literature method application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/55 10.47135/mahabbah.v4i1.55 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 4, No 1 (2023): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.4, No.1 (January 2023); 54-69 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/55/pdf Copyright (c) 2024 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/136 2025-10-23T02:36:14Z mjre:ART

Pneumatology (The Role of the Holy Spirit) in the Synoptic Gospels: Its Relevance for the Church's Mission Today Pardede, Harold Walfried Pneumatology, Holy Spirit, Synoptic Gospels, Church Mission This research seeks to examine the function of the Holy Spirit in the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke) and its implications for the contemporary mission of the church. In the Synoptic Gospels, the Holy Spirit is shown as a divine being present from the birth of Jesus, through His baptism and ministry, to the commissioning of the disciples. The Holy Spirit is perceived not just as heavenly power but also as a Helper and Teacher who supports the church in proclaiming the Gospel and fulfilling its prophetic mission among contemporary problems like pluralism and secularism. This study employs a qualitative methodology incorporating biblical and systematic theological analysis. This study asserts that an accurate comprehension of the Holy Spirit's role is vital for enhancing spirituality, guiding ministry, and ensuring the sustainability of the church's mission in the modern age. Consequently, the examination of pneumatology through the lens of the Synoptic Gospels offers a robust and relevant basis for contemporary church life and mission. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-09-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/136 10.47135/mahabbah.v4i2.136 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 4, No 2 (2023): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.4, No.2 (July 2023); 100-110 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/136/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/136/pdf_1 https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/downloadSuppFile/136/15 Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/150 2026-01-30T07:25:17Z mjre:ART

The Distortion of Civilized Humanity and the Meaning of the Second Principle of Pancasila: A Theological Review and Its Implications for Indonesian Society Lumintang, Ramly D. B. Systematic Theology, Hermeneutics Distortion, Human, Civilized, theology, Pancasila. Theology One of the major dangers within human civilization is the distortion of humanity, in which human beings become predators to one another (homo homini lupus). In essence, humans are social beings—noble creatures who are God-fearing and religious by nature—created to respect, honor, and love one another according to the intention of their Creator. Nevertheless, historical realities demonstrate that humans are also capable of extreme cruelty and violence toward their fellow beings. The history of the Indonesian nation records numerous humanitarian conflicts, including disputes and hostilities driven by ethnic, religious, racial, and intergroup tensions (SARA), which have persisted over time and left dark marks on the trajectory of Indonesian civilization. Such conditions should not occur, or at least can be minimized, through a shared national worldview and a firm commitment to the foundational principles of the state, particularly the second principle of Pancasila: Just and Civilized Humanity. This principle affirms that Indonesians are a civilized people who uphold mutual respect, dignity, and love for one another as fellow human beings. A truly civilized Indonesian society transcends barriers of race, ethnicity, and religion, thereby fostering a social life characterized by peace, tolerance, and harmony amid diversity. Scriptura Indonesia 2026-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Qualitative application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/150 10.47135/mahabbah.v7i1.150 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 7, No 1 (2026): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.7, No.1 (January 2026); 81-104 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/150/pdf Copyright (c) 2026 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/19 2022-01-04T08:46:14Z mjre:ART

THE RATIONALITY OF FAITH: The Study of Abraham's Faith in Hebrews 11: 17-19 Walick, Alexander Eduard Thodorus de Hestiningrum, Peni faith, abraham, rationality, hebrew In Christian and church life, Faith and Rationality are often opposed to one another. Some Christians reject the aspect of rationality in doing theology, and vice versa. In the Bible presenting Abraham as an example of faith learning through his experiences when he was tempted to offer up Isaac to his only son, he was without a doubt prepared to carry out the commandments he received with a thoughtful attitude; that God is able to raise (Isaac) people even from the dead (Hebrews 11: 17-19). The research method used is exegetical study with background and grammatical contexts. The aim of this research is to find the meaning of Abraham's faith in Hebrews 11: 17-19. The result of this research is that the quality of faith is tested and that faith thinks rationally and continuously based on God's word. Scriptura Indonesia 2021-02-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/19 10.47135/mahabbah.v2i1.19 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 2, No 1 (2021): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education , Vol.2, No.1 (January 2021); 35-52 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/19/pdf Copyright (c) 2021 Alexander Eduard Thodorus de Walick https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/52 2022-11-30T07:24:08Z mjre:ART

BEYOND RELIGION AND ETHNICITY: Sit-At-Home and Freedom Agitations among the IGBO in South-Eastern Nigeria Ezewudo, Ugochukwu Obumneme Ukwuoma, Ikeagwuchi Ikechukwua Uroko, Favour Chukwuemeka religion; ethnicity; sit-at-home; freedom; igbo; nigeria The concept of "sit-at-home" is a recent term used by freedom agitators, particularly of Igbo extraction, to get the attention of the Nigerian government to grant sovereignty to the Indigenous people of Biafra. It is also a concept that challenges the authority of the government while asking it to end marginalisation and to release the leader of IPOB, Nnamdi Kanu, who was arrested and is presently in the custody of the Department of State Services (DSS). Sit-at-Home, particularly in Anambra, Enugu, Imo, Abia, and Ebonyi (South-Eastern states of Nigeria), has been given socio-political interpretation. Generally, politics is supposed to be the machinery for resolving conflict and governing the people sincerely. Unfortunately, it has become an agent of disunity in the Nigerian state. This has led to several agitations in the past, but they are more vocal in present times. The agitations for freedom have often triggered violence and conflict between the government and the freedom agitators, given room for the marginalisation of certain regions, and consequently proved Nigeria's government's inability to decide on behalf of the governed. The methodology used in the study is a qualitative phenomenological method. The study examines the challenges and implications of the concept for the socio-economic, socio-political, socio-cultural, and socio-religious lives of the people of southeastern Nigeria. The paper observes that this face-off could be resolved if the needs of the Igbo were critically examined and attained. The paper calls on the government to organise a dialogue and a referendum in order to end the menace in the South-Eastern region. Scriptura Indonesia 2022-10-16 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/52 10.47135/mahabbah.v3i2.52 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 3, No 2 (2022): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.3, No.2 (July 2022); 165-185 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/52/pdf Copyright (c) 2022 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/113 2025-09-07T05:10:08Z mjre:ART

Discipleship System among the Prophets of the Old Covenant to the Apostle Paul of the New Covenant Siregar, Helda Yanti Discipleship; Prophet; Jesus Christ; Apostle Paul; Old Testament; New Testament; Spiritual Formation This study aims to trace and analyse the development of the discipleship system in the biblical narrative, starting from the prophetic tradition in the Old Testament to the formation of the early churches under the leadership of the apostles and the apostle Paul in the New Testament. Discipleship is understood as an intentional process of spiritual, theological, and ethical formation within the framework of the relationship between a spiritual mentor and his or her successor. In the Old Testament, discipleship is prophetic and symbolic, seen in the Moses-Joshua, Elijah-Elisha, Samuel and his band of disciples, and Isaiah and his band of followers, as well as the community of prophets that emerged in the historical context of Israel. This system emphasised the inheritance of charisma, prophetic authority, and the internalisation of God's law. Entering the New Testament, Jesus introduced an incarnational and relational discipleship paradigm, emphasising the transformation of the totality of life through direct engagement in the life of the Master. The Apostle Paul then institutionalised this discipleship practice in the context of the early Christian community, with structured patterns of teaching, multiplicative discipleship, and a focus on the reproduction of spiritual leaders. This paper utilises a theological-demonological and historical-critical approach to identify both continuities and conceptual transitions in the practice of discipleship, and offers implicative reflections for the development of a contemporary discipleship system that is contextualised and rooted in the biblical heritage. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/113 10.47135/mahabbah.v6i2.113 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 6, No 2 (2025): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.6, No.2 (July 2025); 120-139 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/113/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/113/pdf_2 Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/137 2026-01-30T06:59:18Z mjre:ART

Revisiting William James: Religious Experience as Response to Fanaticism in Nigeria Gbule, Ndidi Justice Opara, Christopher Religion William James; Religious experience; Pragmatism; Religious fanaticism; Interfaith dialogue; Nigeria; African philosophy of religion Religious fanaticism persists as a major challenge in Nigeria, expressed through sectarian violence, doctrinal intolerance, and extremist mobilization. This paper revisits William James’s early 20th-century concept of religious experience, as articulated in The Varieties of Religious Experience, to critically examine its potential and limits for addressing contemporary Nigerian religious tensions. James’s pragmatic philosophy privileges individualized, experiential faith over rigid dogma, yet his framework emerged from a Western, Protestant context over a century ago. To adapt his insights, this study situates James within Nigeria’s pluralistic and postcolonial realities, drawing on contemporary pragmatism, Social Identity Theory, African philosophy of religion, and peacebuilding scholarship. Methodologically, it employs qualitative analysis of Nigerian religious conflicts, extremist texts, and interfaith dialogue initiatives to evaluate the relevance of subjective religious experience in mitigating fanaticism. Findings suggest that, when reinterpreted and integrated with modern conflict-resolution strategies, James’s approach can inform educational, policy, and interfaith practices that privilege empathy, critical reflection, and mutual understanding. The study concludes by recognizing the limitations of applying James’s theory in isolation, but proposes a hybrid philosophical framework for fostering tolerance and peaceful coexistence in Nigeria’s multi-religious society. Scriptura Indonesia 2026-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Qualitative application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/137 10.47135/mahabbah.v7i1.137 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 7, No 1 (2026): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.7, No.1 (January 2026); 1-16 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/137/pdf Copyright (c) 2026 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/8 2022-03-11T23:35:04Z mjre:ART

CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION MANAGEMENT, GOVERNMENT SERVICE, IN CELL GROUPS ON THE QUALITY OF THE FAITH OF CHURCH MEMBERS IN INDONESIA BETHEL CHURCH OF GRAHA PENA Widjaja, Imron Simanungkalit, Lasmaria Nami Practical Theology christian religious education, pastoral services, cell groups, quality of faith This study examines the management of christian religious education as one form of shepherding service formation in cell groups in maturing, guiding and directing to apply the word of God. Christian religious education management as a model and example in the formation of church pastors in reaching sinners for Christ. This research was conducted at GBI Graha Pena with a total sample of 88 people who were active in participating in cell groups. The results of this study indicate that educational services are good that have led to pastoral care in realizing the Quality of Faith of GBI Graha Pena congregation members to reach people who do not yet believe in Christ. The effectiveness of the implementation of pastoral services that lead to the tasks and objectives of the church's mission through cell groups seen from members of cell groups who see the effectiveness of the service is supported by effectiveness: 58 respondents visitation (65.9%), help of sick people 88 respondents (100%), prayer of release 88 respondents (100%), service grief 88 respondents (100%). Scriptura Indonesia 2020-07-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Quantative Method application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/8 10.47135/mahabbah.v1i1.8 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 1, No 2 (2020): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.1, No.1/2 (July 2020); 55-69 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/8/21 Copyright (c) 2020 Imron Widjaja; Lasmaria Nami Simanungkalit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/40 2022-07-05T08:40:14Z mjre:ART

THEOLOGICAL HIGHER EDUCATION LEADERSHIP CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS AMIDST THE COVID 19 PANDEMIC Ayuk, Ayuk Ausaji pandemic, education, online; theological; higher education; leadership; solutions A hermeneutical study on higher education response to the crisis in education during the pandemic. It was discovered that higher educational institutions were able to handle the crisis of the time creatively and successfully as the positive points of the challenges outweigh the negative points of the situation. The negative experiences included: Poor internet connection, lack of necessary technological equipment, online education health related issues, and home distractions. Whereas the positive points are as follows: The reawakening of the online learning system, a viable alternative to the classroom, sociability, opportunity for parents to nurture their children while studying, practical and safe access to education, and the future of education online. This shows clearly that the challenge became an opportunity in disguise by creating an added means of providing an opportunity for people to have access to education. The study has made educators aware of the fact that online education is no more a dream very far away, but rather a reality at the doorstep if we are willing to take advantage of it and expand our classrooms far beyond the enclave of our educational institution’s campuses. Scriptura Indonesia 2022-03-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/40 10.47135/mahabbah.v3i1.40 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 3, No 1 (2022): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.3, No.1 (January 2022); 43-65 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/40/pdf Copyright (c) 2022 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/106 2025-08-15T06:45:09Z mjre:ART

Outcome Based Education (OBE) System for Theological College Dhandi, Gabriel Curriculum Development Outcome based education; Curriculum development; Learning outcomes; Theological college Outcome Based Education (OBE) is an education system that focuses on learning outcomes that are measurable, directed, and relevant to the needs of the industrial world in the Industrial Age 4.0. The purpose of this study is to offer the application of the OBE system in designing and developing curriculum at the College of Theology in order to bridge the gap between the abilities or competencies of graduates and the needs of the modern Christian community. The method used in this research is a literature study, which is to collect library data sources and previous research, then explore them to be presented to support this research. The results of this study show that the OBE system is very effective in improving the quality and quality of education, producing graduates who are competent in their fields and preparing them to face challenges in the Industrial Age 4.0. The implementation of the OBE system into curriculum development at Theological College will certainly help improve the quality of education, be able to compete with other universities, and raise Theological College’s reputation. The conclusion of this research is that the OBE system is feasible to be applied in developing the curriculum used by Theological College. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Literature Studies application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/106 10.47135/mahabbah.v6i1.106 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 6, No 1 (2025): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.6, No.1 (January 2025); 28-44 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/106/pdf Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/120 2025-09-15T04:35:02Z mjre:ART

The Efforts to Increase Children's Activeness in Responding to Stories From God's Word Using Discussion Method (Qualitative Study at the Sunday School of the Batu Hidup Christian Church, Jakarta) Tafetin, Krisna Karolina Mulyani, Sri Discussion method; God's word; Children's activeness This study aims to explore the role of discussion methods in increasing the activity of small class children in understanding and applying the teachings of the Lord's word that the Sunday school teacher conveys. Discussion methods give children opportunities to interact, share opinions, and discuss the Lord's word stories with their peers. In this process of discussion, children can learn to understand and apply the teachings of the Lord's word in everyday life. This study uses qualitative methods. Collect data by direct observation and structured interviews with a Sunday school teacher. Studies indicate that effective discussion methods promote children's activation. Children involved in discussions are more actively participating, have better understanding, and are able to apply the teachings of the Lord's word in everyday life. Scriptura Indonesia 2024-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article descriptive method application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/120 10.47135/mahabbah.v5i1.120 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 5, No 1 (2024): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.5, No.1 (January 2024); 82-94 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/120/pdf Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/27 2022-05-13T07:45:57Z mjre:ART

INTERFAITH DIALOGUE IN INDONESIA AND LUTHER’S TWO KINGDOMS CONTRIBUTION Simangunsong, Amran interfaith dialogue; luther; mission; indonesia Religious pluralism is a reality that Christianity should face in the light of mission. Christian churches should respect the existence of other flourishing world faiths. Christian churches have been forced to see and understand the encounter of people of different faiths especially in Indonesia. The small churches in the non-Christian lands also have to re-think their attitudes to the majority faiths around them.   As a country that is religiously plural where Muslim is a majority, Indonesian churches have been facing the complexity of religious identity. Sometimes it would cause conflict. Therefore, church and society have taken more attention on interfaith dialogue. Luther’s Two Kingdom Doctrine is necessary to contribute the relation of mission in religious pluralistic context. It gives an emphasis of distinction in Christian task in the world. Therefore, INTERFAITH DIALOGUE is part of mission of the church. It is complimentary to the mission of the church in conjunction with evangelism and social witness. Scriptura Indonesia 2021-07-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/27 10.47135/mahabbah.v2i2.27 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 2, No 2 (2021): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.2, No.2 (July 2021); 143-159 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/27/pdf Copyright (c) 2021 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/76 2024-06-07T09:37:36Z mjre:ART

HE DID NOT DESCEND INTO HELL: An Appeal for Scripture Exegesis Karl Barth and Wayne Grudem Munir, Tjerlang Susanto, Johanes Lilik Decent into hell; Scripture exegesis; Karl Barth; Wayne Grudem The theory of the descent into hell, which holds that after his crucifixion, Jesus went into the realm of the dead to free the souls of the righteous who died before his resurrection, has been a source of contention in Christian theology throughout history. Some theologians and researchers have recently questioned the conventional reading of the relevant scripture texts, claiming that the fall into hell is neither required nor true teaching. In this study, we will argue for a careful and responsible interpretation of the key biblical passages to discern the genuine meaning of the fall into hell. I'll start by looking at the doctrine's historical and theological backdrop as well as its evolution in the early church. Then, using 1 Peter 3:19–20, Ephesians 4:8–10, and Acts 2:27–31 as examples, I will examine the scriptural verses that have been used to support or dispute the notion. I'll look at the passages' linguistic, literary, and theological characteristics, as well as their intertextual and cultural context. Based on this exegetical examination, we will argue that the notion of the descent into hell is a theological inference or hypothesis based on a combination of scriptural and non-scriptural sources rather than a necessary or explicit doctrine in the Bible. Scriptura Indonesia 2024-06-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/76 10.47135/mahabbah.v4i1.76 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 4, No 1 (2023): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.4, No.1 (January 2023); 70-84 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/76/pdf Copyright (c) 2024 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/133 2025-10-23T02:36:14Z mjre:ART

MINISTERIAL LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT AND PROFESSIONAL ENHANCEMENT IN URBAN INDONESIAN CHURCHES Rindu, Kiem Onibala, Ronald Stevly education, theology Christian Development, Indonesian Churches, Ministerial Development, Qualitative Research, Urban Ministry This qualitative research examines ministerial leadership development effectiveness in Bekasi City through comprehensive analysis of perspectives from pastors, theological educators, and church workers. The study employs semi-structured interviews with ten key stakeholders to assess current professional development approaches, identify competency gaps between leadership preparation and ministry demands, and develop evidence-based enhancement frameworks. Findings reveal strong foundational capacity alongside critical gaps in systematic programming, particularly in social justice advocacy, cultural competency, and community engagement training. The research demonstrates substantial correlation between systematic professional development and enhanced leadership effectiveness, organizational capacity, and community impact outcomes. Collaborative partnership development emerges as the highest-impact improvement opportunity, while mentorship programs and technology integration represent critical enhancement priorities. Results indicate exceptional readiness for coordinated development initiatives that leverage existing institutional capacity rather than requiring fundamental transformation. The study contributes valuable insights regarding Christian leadership development in Southeast Asian urban contexts while providing transferable frameworks for ministerial professional enhancement in diverse cultural environments. Recommendations emphasize systematic programming establishment, inter-institutional collaboration, and sustainable capacity building that addresses both individual competency and collective organizational effectiveness for enhanced urban ministry impact. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-09-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article qualitative descriptive analysis application/pdf application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/133 10.47135/mahabbah.v4i2.133 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 4, No 2 (2023): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.4, No.2 (July 2023); 111-144 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/133/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/133/pdf_1 Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/152 2026-01-30T07:26:06Z mjre:ART

God’s Blessing for His People: An Exegetical Study of Numbers 6:22–27 Dwiraharjo, Susanto Exegesis Lord's Blessing, God's Blessing, Blessing for the People Exegesis Religious communities have their own ways of ending worship, often through blessings. One of the most common in Christian tradition is the benediction found in Numbers 6:22–27, known as the “Aaronic Blessing.” This passage has become central in many churches, repeated so often that its wording is rarely changed. While this shows its importance, it can also cause people to hear it only as a routine ending rather than a meaningful proclamation. This study aims to help believers rediscover the depth of the blessing by using the method of exegesis. This involves reviewing literature, analyzing the text, and organizing insights into themes. By paying attention to both the meaning of the words and their historical context, the blessing can be understood in a way that speaks to life today. The results show that the Aaronic Blessing is more than a ritual conclusion. It is a powerful declaration of God’s favor, protection, and peace. When understood fully, it becomes a source of spiritual growth, guiding believers to apply its message in daily life and deepening their relationship with God. Scriptura Indonesia 2026-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/152 10.47135/mahabbah.v7i1.152 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 7, No 1 (2026): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.7, No.1 (January 2026); 105-120 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/152/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/downloadSuppFile/152/18 Copyright (c) 2026 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/23 2022-01-04T08:46:14Z mjre:ART

RELEASING SERVICES TO PEOPLE SICK DUE TO OCCULTISM Hutapea, Jusuf Abraham, Jose occultism, delivery service, sick person, pastoral Occult forces made them physically sick for years. They are formed by fear, discomfort and also they lose touch with God or don't grow spiritually. The occult always damages human life physically and mentally. This writing uses a descriptive qualitative method with a practical theological approach with several case studies. This article aims to describe how the ministry can serve the people concerned who are affected by the effects of darkness (occult). Correct recovery services can help free people affected by occultism.  Scriptura Indonesia 2021-02-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/23 10.47135/mahabbah.v2i1.23 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 2, No 1 (2021): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education , Vol.2, No.1 (January 2021); 53-60 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/23/pdf Copyright (c) 2021 Jusup Hutapea https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/53 2023-04-23T06:45:42Z mjre:ART

WHEN RELIGIOUS LANGUAGE IS RIGHT: A Case for God’s Anthropomorphic Identities Ottuh, Peter Ogenefavwe Philosophy of Religion religious language; god; anthropomorphism; identities Religious Studies Is it possible to think about God without anthropomorphizing him? The fact that God has both anthropomorphic and non-anthropomorphic characteristics adds to theological confusion. Individual variances in God's views might be a reflection of how individuals understand God's portrayals. Intellectuals have argued for ages that theistic conceptions of God are excessively anthropomorphic, perplexing, and complex. The paper focused on religious language and God’s anthropomorphic identities. It employed a historico-comparative approach using library resources. The finding provides light on the limitations and potential of philosophico-religious transmission of the complex idea of anthropomorphism and offers a critical, constructive, and interpretive avenue for intellectual dialogue. Scriptura Indonesia None 2022-10-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Qualitative application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/53 10.47135/mahabbah.v3i2.53 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 3, No 2 (2022): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.3, No.2 (July 2022); 141-163 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/53/pdf Copyright (c) 2022 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/116 2025-09-07T05:10:08Z mjre:ART

The Role of the Husband in Supporting His Wife Post-Childbirth from A Christian Perspective Manggi, Nelci Oktavianti Husband role; Wife after childbirth; Christian perspective The postpartum state requires important accompaniment from the husband. Before and after childbirth the wife experiences psychological changes that can cause depression. If the wife is depressed, she cannot concentrate on taking care of the children. It will also cause trauma to the wife and children. Even children will not grow and develop according to their age. The writing method uses a qualitative approach by conducting interviews and literature reviews through books, journals that are relevant to the research topic. The role of the husband is not only to meet the needs of the wife and children materially but to love and love the wife is the main thing in a Christian family. Feelings of love and love are the main needs for the wife. The wife will feel calm and happy and will be more focused on taking care of the children and household. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/116 10.47135/mahabbah.v6i2.116 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 6, No 2 (2025): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.6, No.2 (July 2025); 158-174 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/116/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/116/pdf_2 Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/142 2026-01-30T07:19:36Z mjre:ART

The Function of Confirmation Catechesis in Toraja Churches for Teenagers in the Era of ChatGPT Rano Masiku, Leonardous Theology; Systematic Theology; Practical Theology; Ethics; Digital Theology ChatGPT, Chatbots, Confirmation Catechesis, Toraja Church, Teenagers. Artificial Intelligence; Church; Christian Ethics; Technology; ChatGPT ChatGPT is a technology that can generate text responses quickly based on human requests. This application is known through chatbots, where this technology has been widely used by teenagers to share stories, particularly about mental struggles, which can lead to loneliness if they are not guided properly. It is important to re-examine the meaning of confirmation catechesis of Toraja Church in educating teenagers so that they can develop mature characters based on Christian teachings, thereby becoming wiser in obtaining information such as from ChatGPT, which is based solely on internet data processing. Researchers used a descriptive qualitative approach to explore the function of confirmation catechesis at the Toraja Church, Karambe congregation during the period of ChatGPT's influence. Based on field research, researchers found that teenagers at Karambe Congregation only use chatbots to complete school assignments or catechisis tasks, so they have not yet reached the stage of providing information related to personal struggles. On the contrary, Confirmation Catechesis remain important for teenager in shape their character and knowing his faith in Christ personally, even though chatbots are a rich source of knowledge. Scriptura Indonesia 2026-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Qualitative Approach; Descriptive; Reflective-Theological Analysis; Ethical Implications application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/142 10.47135/mahabbah.v7i1.142 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 7, No 1 (2026): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.7, No.1 (January 2026); 17-31 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/142/pdf Copyright (c) 2026 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/9 2022-03-11T23:35:04Z mjre:ART

REVIVAL OF LOCAL RELIGION: A Challange for Church and National Life in Indonesia Timo, Ebenhaezer I. Nuban Bahabol, Edim Putrawan, Bobby Kurnia revival, local religion, church, state, civil society The decision of the Constitutional Meaning of Indonesia that extends the Almighty God Believers to include their identity on the Identity Card is a challenge as well as new opportunities for living together with religions, including for political and religious life. This article reviews the problem in four points. First, regarding the impact of the revival of local religions on the church's understanding of itself and also the task of its witness. Second, how this new reality is responded to by theological schools. Third, the impact of the revival for the life of the nation The fourth point examines how the government should behave towards the phenomenon of religious radicalism and also the response of civil society to the phenomenon. Scriptura Indonesia 2020-07-16 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Library Research, Syntesis Approach application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/9 10.47135/mahabbah.v1i1.9 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 1, No 2 (2020): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.1, No.1/2 (July 2020); 71-86 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/9/20 Copyright (c) 2020 Ebenhaezer I. Nuban Timo, Edim Bahabol, Bobby Kurnia Putrawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/24 2022-08-30T06:27:35Z mjre:ART

GOLDEN CALF NARRATIVE: Deuteronomist Ideology of Jeroboam Reformation Lumingkewas, Marthin Steven Mandey, Jenry E.C. Missa, Antonius Contextual and Old Testament Theology yahweh; golden calf; deuteronomist; jeroboam; reformation; politics; literature studies. Ancient Eastern Text Jeroboam 1st is depicted as the prototype for all future evil kings, who are regularly accused According to the books of Kings. Jeroboam accused of established two sanctuaries; Bethel and Dan to rival the temple of Solomon in Jerusalem. These shrines then provoke vehement censure and sin of Jeroboam become paradigmatic of northern apostasy. Underlying the negative depiction of Jeroboam’s cult, however, scholars have found subtle details suggesting that Jeroboam’s cult was traditional and even Yahwistic in nature. His calves may be best understood as familiar Canaanite vehicles for the invisible deity enthroned above them – in this case, Yahweh – comparable to the cherubim in southern cult of Judah. Jeroboam priesthood likely included Levites. And his choices of Dan and Bethel, too, apparently reflected a sensitivity to honor venerable memories of pre-monarchic era. This research aims to explain what Jeroboam did was not a violation of the Yahwistic system of Israel at that time. The establishment of God in Bethel and Dan did not disconcert the status of Yahweh in the treasures of Israel, instead of a form of a political assertion that separated Israel from the arrogance and the power of Judah. By using the method of analyzing historical criticism and literacy, the result is a new perspective of understanding Jeroboam’s reform in Israel - merely a political movement alone. Jeroboam never removed Yahweh from the treasury as the god of Israel. Instead, he retained Yahweh as God who was declared to have led Israel out of Egypt. Scriptura Indonesia Moriah Theological College 2022-03-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Literary Approach application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/24 10.47135/mahabbah.v3i1.24 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 3, No 1 (2022): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.3, No.1 (January 2022); 67-85 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/24/pdf Copyright (c) 2022 Marthin Steven Lumingkewas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/111 2025-08-15T07:01:12Z mjre:ART

Polygamy and Its Implications on Christianity in Southwest Nigeria: A Sociological Perspective Ogunbiyi, David Oluwabukunmi Adeyemo, Ajibade Adedayo Olajugbagbe, Oyekunle Martins Oyebanji, Israel Temitope Religion Polygamy; Christianity; Southwest; Nigeria Sociological; Monogamy Sociological Perspective Polygamy remains a significant cultural and religious practice in Southwest Nigeria, often conflicting with Christian doctrines that emphasize monogamy. This study explores the implications of polygamy on Christianity, examining its theological, social, and legal dimensions. Using a mixed-methods approach, data was collected from Christian leaders and polygamous individuals across various denominations. Results indicate that while 81.2% of respondents consider polygamy sinful, 94.4% agree that polygamous individuals should be full church members. However, 87.1% strongly oppose allowing polygamous individuals in leadership roles. The study also reveals that polygamous families face emotional distress, gender inequality, and legal uncertainties. Children from polygamous homes reported the highest level of dissatisfaction (83.8%), citing neglect and inheritance conflicts. Findings indicate that while most churches consider polygamy sinful, they still allow polygamous individuals to be members, though they are restricted from leadership roles. The study also highlights the emotional and financial challenges faced by women and children in polygamous households, including gender inequality, psychological distress, and inheritance disputes. Additionally, Nigeria’s plural legal system complicates the recognition and regulation of polygamous unions. Despite the tensions between cultural traditions and Christian teachings, many respondents advocate for inclusivity while upholding monogamy as the ideal. The study recommends that churches offer support to polygamous families, clarify leadership policies, and promote legal reforms to protect women and children’s rights. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article Religion and Cultural Theory application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/111 10.47135/mahabbah.v6i1.111 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 6, No 1 (2025): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.6, No.1 (January 2025); 45-69 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/111/pdf Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/119 2025-09-15T18:05:32Z mjre:ART

The Incarnation of Christ is A Great Mystery in Righteousness (Study Exegesis in Timothy 3:16) Dwiraharjo, Susanto Christology; Biblical Christology; Teachings on Christ; Ephanerothe Phrases Various perspectives on the doctrine of Christology are not only widespread, but also deeply ingrained in the fabric of theological discourse. These perspectives have influenced the faith of believers. This research explores the truth of Christology based on what the Bible says. The method used is explanation, which will reveal the original meaning of the verses and seek to understand their relevance to contemporary issues. Consequently, it can be understood that Christ is God who became man to carry out His redemptive work. Scriptura Indonesia 2024-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/119 10.47135/mahabbah.v5i2.119 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 5, No 2 (2024): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.5, No.2 (July 2024); 114-133 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/119/pdf Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/31 2022-05-13T06:48:11Z mjre:ART

HATE SPEECH AND ETHNO-RELIGIOUS CONCLICTS IN NIGERIA: Implications for Political Stability Onah, Nkechi G. Ugwu, Innocent A. Uroko, Favour C. hate speech; national stability; religion; free speech; ethnicity; violence. While freedom of expression or free speech is a fundamental human right of all, hate speech heralds danger for a country. Using a qualitative research approach, this study examines the connection between hate speech, ethnoreligious conflicts, and political stability in Nigeria. This study argues that the threat to internal security in Nigeria is a resultant effect of social injustice in the country. In Nigeria, hate speech has been on the increase instigating ethnic and religious sentiment, mistrust, and conflicts. The study suggests that peace social justice and political inclusion should be adopted in running the affairs of the nation. Scriptura Indonesia 2021-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/31 10.47135/mahabbah.v2i2.31 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 2, No 2 (2021): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.2, No.2 (July 2021); 161-183 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/31/pdf Copyright (c) 2021 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/85 2025-09-15T18:05:32Z mjre:ART

Religious Moderation from Below: Defining Religious Moderation from the Perspectives of Catholic Religious Teachers Asmara, Alexander Hendra Dwi Religious Education Religious moderation; Catholic religious teachers; Catholic religious education Catholic Religious Education Religious moderation has been envisioned by the Indonesian government since 2019. However, religious moderation has not been implemented successfully, especially in the field of Catholic Religious Education. The purpose of this research is to find out how Catholic religious teachers perceive religious moderation in their teachings. This research paper employs a qualitative design. Data is collected using deep interviews with five Catholic religious teachers from Yogyakarta, Solo, Semarang, and Jakarta. The findings show that most of the informants are aware of the religious moderation proposed by the government. Nevertheless, the informants shared that they were less motivated to implement religious moderation in their Catholic religious education subject because of several reasons, such as, the lack of support from school policy makers, the absence of government trainings or modules related to religious moderation, and the density of the curriculum in schools makes it difficult for teachers to add other material, including religious moderation Scriptura Indonesia 2024-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article qualitative method with deep interview application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/85 10.47135/mahabbah.v4i2.85 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 5, No 2 (2024): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.5, No.2 (July 2024); 95-113 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/85/pdf Copyright (c) 2024 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/135 2025-10-23T02:36:14Z mjre:ART

Sexting and Christian Teens: The Meaning of 1 Thessalonians 4:3- 5 on Self-Sanctification Dachi, Michael Fatlin This article discusses the phenomenon of sexting among Christian youth, highlighting the meaning of 1 Thessalonians 4:3-5 on sanctification. The primary objective of this study is to understand the impact of sexting on the lives of Christian youth and how Biblical teachings, particularly from 1 Thessalonians 4:3-5, can guide them in maintaining personal purity in the digital age. The background of this research is driven by the increasing cases of sexting among adolescents, which can lead to negative psychological and spiritual consequences. In this context, understanding Biblical teachings is highly relevant to help Christian youth realize the importance of maintaining purity in their relationships. The method employed in this study is a qualitative approach with hermeneutic analysis. The qualitative approach allows for exploring the experiences and perspectives of Christian youth related to sexting, while the hermeneutic approach is used to interpret the theological meaning of Biblical passages concerning purity in the digital world. The findings of this research are expected to provide insights for parents, pastors, and church leaders in guiding Christian youth to uphold personal purity amid the challenges of the modern world. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-09-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/135 10.47135/mahabbah.v4i2.135 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 4, No 2 (2023): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.4, No.2 (July 2023); 178-190 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/135/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/135/pdf_1 https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/downloadSuppFile/135/14 Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/3 2022-01-04T08:46:14Z mjre:ART

A FOUNDATION FOR A CULTURE OF JUSTPEACE: Church as a Hermeneutic Community to Promote Peace Narratives Tamawiwy, August Cornelis conflict transformation, appreciative inquiry, jJustpeace, imagination, narrative. This article argues that a culture of justpeace could be reached if the church as a hermeneutic community interprets all narratives in the light of promoting justpeace. Promoting good narratives will shape us to be peacemakers. By using the concept of Appreciative Inquiry (AI) as a method, this article aims to invite people to engage conflict in a constructive way. This article aims discovers the role of justice, truth, and ecumenical-interreligious dialogue which play in the vision of a culture of justpeace. It also shows how the use of imagination is important in dreaming of a culture of justpeace. It invites us to see how narratives drive our imagination and design our character to make peace or violence. Scriptura Indonesia 2021-02-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/3 10.47135/mahabbah.v2i1.3 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 2, No 1 (2021): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education , Vol.2, No.1 (January 2021); 61-72 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/3/pdf Copyright (c) 2021 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion, Education, Culture, and Linguistic https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/66 2024-06-07T09:37:36Z mjre:ART

RELIGIOSITY AMONG BOSNIAN YOUTH – ATTITUDES TOWARDS ISLAM AND PRACTICAL WORSHIPPING OF IT Delić, Haris religion; religiosity; students; praying; bosnian youth Interest in individuals’ religious beliefs has a long tradition in philosophy, sociology and psychology and attempts are made to understand the spiritual and physical in humans. This quantitative study investigates the religiosity of young people, primary and secondary school students, in Bosnia and Herzegovina (henceforth BH) and their practical manifestation of religious activities. The results indicate that the Bosnian primary and high school students are not largely religious and their religiosity is not largely expressed in their practical performance of religious duties, such as praying, reading a Holy book and visiting a mosque. Moreover, the research points out that young people in BH are quite religious when it comes to external exposure to religion and a little less when it comes to the practical implementation of religious regulations that are mandatory in Islam. Friday prayer for men is a religious obligation that is taken more seriously and performed than other daily prayers that are also obligatory. This research contributes to a clearer insight into the practical religiosity of young people in BiH and helps in understanding the priorities for improving and increasing the religiosity of young people. Also, this work can serve as a basis for other more comprehensive research in this field. Scriptura Indonesia 2023-05-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/66 10.47135/mahabbah.v4i1.66 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 4, No 1 (2023): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.4, No.1 (January 2023); 1-18 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/66/pdf Copyright (c) 2023 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/118 2025-09-24T07:44:18Z mjre:ART

The Sociological Effects of Cashless Policy on Church Income in Surulere Archdeaconry, Diocese of Lagos Mainland (Anglican Communion) Ogunbiyi, David Oluwabukunmi Cashless Policy; Church Income; Diocese of Lagos Mainland; Payment System; Online Transactions This study explores the impact of Nigeria’s cashless policy on church income within Surulere Archdeaconry, Diocese of Lagos Mainland (Anglican Communion). Introduced by the Central Bank of Nigeria to modernize payment systems and reduce cash-related issues, the policy has compelled churches to adapt to digital financial platforms. However, the transition has presented significant challenges, including poor network infrastructure, limited awareness, digital illiteracy, and theological concerns among members. These barriers have led to a noticeable decline in tithes, offerings, and other forms of giving. Using a descriptive survey research design, the study engaged 150 respondents—comprising clergy, wardens, accountants, and auditors—from five major parishes in the Archdeaconry. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and oral interviews and analyzed using simple percentages. Findings revealed that 84% of participants experienced disruptions in giving due to failed electronic transactions, lack of awareness of e-payment systems, and unreliable network services. Despite these challenges, the majority acknowledged the convenience and security of digital giving platforms and supported their continued implementation. The study recommends that churches provide more electronic payment options such as POS terminals, mobile transfers, and USSD codes, while also raising awareness and offering training to members. Collaborative efforts with banks and government agencies to improve technological infrastructure and enforce fraud protections are also vital. In conclusion, while the cashless policy initially hindered church income, it presents long-term benefits if properly managed. Churches must adopt inclusive digital strategies to align with national financial reforms and ensure sustainable income flow. Scriptura Indonesia 2025-07-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article application/pdf application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/118 10.47135/mahabbah.v6i2.118 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 6, No 2 (2025): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.6, No.2 (July 2025); 100-119 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/118/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/118/pdf_2 Copyright (c) 2025 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

oai:ojs.mahabbah.org:article/143 2026-01-30T07:22:07Z mjre:ART

INTEGRATING THE PREMACK PRINCIPLE AND HENRI NOUWEN’S SPIRITUALITY: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR ADOLESCENT PASTORAL COUNSELING Witono, Witono Hindradjat, Juliana Theology Adolescents; Pastoral Counseling; Premack Principle; Henri Nouwen; Spiritual Formation Psychological wounds among adolescents in church contexts often manifest in emotional dysregulation, relational difficulties, and disrupted spiritual development. While pastoral counseling has traditionally emphasized relational presence and spiritual formation, such approaches frequently rely on adolescents’ intrinsic motivation, which may be fragile during periods of psychological distress. Conversely, behavioral strategies that support habit formation are often viewed with caution in pastoral settings due to concerns about reductionism and theological incompatibility. Using a qualitative conceptual research design, this study employs a narrative literature review and conceptual thematic analysis to explore the theoretical feasibility of integrating the Premack Principle, a behavioral reinforcement strategy, with Henri Nouwen’s contemplative–relational spirituality within adolescent pastoral counseling. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature in behavioral psychology, pastoral theology, and spiritual formation, the synthesis suggests that while significant paradigmatic tensions exist between external reinforcement and grace-oriented spirituality, these approaches also demonstrate points of conceptual convergence. On this basis, the article proposes a preliminary integrative framework that reframes behavioral reinforcement as temporary scaffolding embedded within pastoral presence and spiritual formation. Rather than claiming empirical effectiveness, the study offers a propositional conceptual foundation to inform theological reflection, pastoral practice, and future empirical research in adolescent pastoral counseling. Scriptura Indonesia 2026-01-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Peer-reviewed Article qualitative, library research application/pdf https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/143 10.47135/mahabbah.v7i1.143 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education; Vol 7, No 1 (2026): MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education, Vol.7, No.1 (January 2026); 32-50 2723-147X 2746-2366 eng https://mahabbah.org/e-journal/index.php/mjre/article/view/143/pdf Copyright (c) 2026 MAHABBAH: Journal of Religion and Education https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0